The Baltic Sea is connected by artificial waterways to the White Sea via the White Sea Canal and to the German Bight of the North Sea via the Kiel Canal. Since 1720, the Baltic Sea has frozen over entirely 20 times, most recently in early 1987, which was the most severe winter in Scandinavia since 1720. The Bothnian Sea, the basin south of Kvarken, freezes on average in late February. The waves of the Baltic are usually short and irregular, often dangerous to navigation. the surface of the North Sea at Amsterdam, and 0.066 metres (=, 216 ft.) below its level at Ostend. Several Pleistocene glacial episodes scooped out the river bed into the sea basin. The largest shipyards are at Gdańsk, Gdynia, and Szczecin, Poland; Kiel, Germany; Karlskrona and Malmö, Sweden; Rauma, Turku, and Helsinki, Finland; Riga, Ventspils, and Liepāja, Latvia; Klaipėda, Lithuania; and Saint Petersburg, Russia. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2002. These have caused numerous shipwrecks, and contributed to the extreme difficulties of rescuing passengers of the ferry M/S Estonia en route from Tallinn, Estonia, to Stockholm, Sweden, in September 1994, which claimed the lives of 852 people. "In War and Peace: The Dutch and the Baltic in Early Modern Times". Also Credner, Die Entstehung der Ostsee (Leipzig, 1895); G. de Geer; Om Skandinaviens niveif orandringar under quartarperioden (Stockholm, 1888); R. Sieger, Seeenschwankungen and Strandverschiebungen in Skandinavien (Berlin, 1893); O. Pettersson, "Review of Swedish Hydrographic Research," Scottish Geographical Magazine (1894) N. Ekholm, Om klimatets andringar i geologisk och historisk tid. Since 1980 it has been much less frequent, although a very large inflow occurred in 2014.[27]. Freshwater species may occur at outflows of rivers or streams in all coastal sections of the Baltic Sea. [37] Only two other brackish waters are larger according to some measurements: The Black Sea is larger in both surface area and water volume, but most of it is located outside the continental shelf (only a small percentage is inland). According to the measurements of Sir J. Murray it extends to 461,450 sq. In the early Middle Ages, Norse (Scandinavian) merchants built a trade empire all around the Baltic. The narrow parallel troughs, at right angles to the coast, which form the drainage-system of Sweden and western Finland, are a remarkable feature. It is mainly bacteria that grow in it, digesting organic material and releasing hydrogen sulfide. In the Gulf of Finland the sea is closed to navigation by ice for about 150 days in the year; but navigation is rendered possible throughout the winter by the use of ice-breakers. Their salter waters must have been originally derived from outside, and must therefore have passed over the plateau between Falster and Mecklenburg, but their horizontal extension is checked by the ridges separating the deep hollows in the Baltic from each other. (0.46 ft.) at Swinemunde, the maximum occurring at the end of the summer rainy period in August. The real physical boundary between the North Sea and the Baltic is formed by the plateau on which the islands Zealand, Fiinen and Laaland are situated, and its prolongation from the islands Falster and Moen to the coasts of Mecklenburg and Riigen. Of the nations containing all or part of the basin, Poland includes 45% of the 85 million, Russia 12%, Sweden 10% and the others less than 6% each.[41]. Russia became and remained a dominating power in the Baltic. There is no such border between the North Sea and Baltic Sea. [14] The bordering countries have also traditionally exported lumber, wood tar, flax, hemp and furs by ship across the Baltic. The factors that determined the sea's characteristics were the submergence or emergence of the region due to the weight of ice and subsequent isostatic readjustment, and the connecting channels it found to the North Sea-Atlantic, either through the straits of Denmark or at what are now the large lakes of Sweden, and the White Sea-Arctic Sea. Then followed a subsidence, which not only re-established communication through the Danish channels, but allowed the Baltic to become sufficiently salt for such forms as Cardium edule and Littorina littorea. The governing body of the convention is the Helsinki Commission,[73] also known as HELCOM, or Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission. The lands on the Baltic's eastern shore were among the last in Europe to be converted to Christianity. The water level is generally far more dependent on the regional wind situation than on tidal effects. It's an urban legend spread by Reddit. This description meant that the whole of the Baltic Sea was covered with ice. The Baltic Sea is connected by man-made waterways to the White Sea via the White Sea Canal, and to the North Sea via the Kiel Canal. The principal time of inflow of North Sea water is during spring and summer. Read More > Lindblad, Jan Thomas. [17] Until now, the U.S. Government refuses to disclose the exact coordinates of the wreck sites. The decreasing salinity along this path causes restrictions in both physiology and habitats. In Peter the Great and the West: New Perspectives. Freezing begins in the northern extremities of the Gulf of Bothnia typically in the middle of November, reaching the open waters of the Bothnian Bay in early January. The Teutonic Order gained control over parts of the southern and eastern shore of the Baltic Sea, where they set up their monastic state. The Bay of Pomerania lies north of the islands of Usedom and Wolin, east of Rügen. There is a decrease in species richness from the Danish belts to the Gulf of Bothnia. Drogden Sill (depth of 7 m (23 ft)) sets a limit to Øresund and Darss Sill (depth of 18 m (59 ft)), and a limit to the Belt Sea. Saxo Grammaticus recorded in Gesta Danorum an older name, Gandvik, -vik being Old Norse for "bay", which implies that the Vikings correctly regarded it as an inlet of the sea. The Baltic Sea is connected by man-made waterways to the White Sea via the White Sea Canal, and to the North Sea via the Kiel Canal. Between Stockholm and Visby navigation usually ceases at the end of December and begins again about the 10th of April. Around 22 million live in population centers of over 250,000. The water exchange between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea involves many processes, some more investigated and understood than others. The westernmost part of the Baltic Sea is the Bay of Kiel. The convention on the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Baltic Sea Area, 1992, entered into force on 17 January 2000. The first, or Bornholm deep, lies east of the island of Bornholm, and is separated from the next, or Gotland deep, by the Middelbank. [49][51] The tiny Copenhagen cockle (Parvicardium hauniense), a rare mussel, is sometimes considered endemic, but has now been recorded in the Mediterranean. According to recent computations the total area of the Baltic, including the Skagerrak and Kattegat, is 166,397 sq. In the light of political changes and developments in international environmental and maritime law, a new convention was signed in 1992 by all the states bordering on the Baltic Sea, and the European Community. The Baltic Sea has virtually no tides, with no more than a few centimeters variation. The difference between the outflow and the inflow comes entirely from fresh water. Many of the countries neighboring the Baltic Sea have been concerned about this since a major oil leak in a seagoing tanker would be disastrous for the Baltic—given the slow exchange of water. Winter storms begin arriving in the region during October. [39] The difference between the bottom and surface salinities vary depending on location. Level ice, ice sludge, pancake ice, and rafter ice form in the more open regions. Göta älv, a tributary of the Kattegat, is not listed, as due to the northward upper low-salinity-flow in the sea, its water hardly reaches the Baltic proper: Denmark,  Estonia,  Finland,  Germany,  Latvia,  Lithuania,  Poland,  Russia,  Sweden. Overall it follows the same southwest to east and north pattern as the surface. In the east, the Gulf of Finland connects the Baltic Sea to St. Petersburg, Russia. In recent years, very small, but with increasing rates, fin whales[60][61][62][63] and humpback whales migrate into Baltic sea including mother and calf pair. At the Bornholm Basin, which is located directly east of the island of the same name, the surface temperature typically falls to 0–5 °C (32–41 °F) during the peak of the winter and rises to 15–20 °C (59–68 °F) during the peak of the summer, with an annual average of around 9–10 °C (48–50 °F). Storm surge floodings are generally taken to occur when the water level is more than one metre above normal. The highest surface salinities, generally 0.7–0.9%, are in the southwesternmost part of the Baltic, in the Arkona and Bornholm basins (the former located roughly between southeast Zealand and Bornholm, and the latter directly east of Bornholm). Baltic Sea White Sea Ship canal Neva River Lake Onega For example, the surface and bottom salinity in the Great Belt is typically around 2.0% and 2.8% respectively, which is only somewhat below that of the Kattegat. It enters into all the deep coast channels, and into the Christiania fjord, but it is not always found in the deep channels of the Kattegat. A surface layer of brackish water discharges 940 km3 (230 cu mi) per year into the North Sea. The Baltic receives much more water by rainfall, discharge of rivers, &c., than it loses by evaporation; hence a surplus must be got rid of by an outflowing current which may be named the "Baltic Stream." Cruise the Baltic Sea. The Baltic Sea is positioned in Northern Europe and bordered by Sweden (a part of the Scandinavian Peninsula), Finland, Russia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, northeastern Germany, and eastern Denmark and its numerous islands. The Baltic then separated opposing military blocs: NATO and the Warsaw Pact. The Kiel Canal is a 98-kilometre-long freshwater canal in the German state of Schleswig-Holstein. The Bornholm Basin is the area east of Bornholm, and the shallower Arkona Basin extends from Bornholm to the Danish isles of Falster and Zealand. Neutral Sweden developed incident weapons to defend its territorial waters after the Swedish submarine incidents. The western Baltic extends north through insular Denmark and includes the Kattegat, a strait separating peninsular Denmark (Jutland, or Jylland) from southwestern Sweden. CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (, Interview of Finnish planetary geomorphologist Jarmo Korteniemi (at 1:10:45) on, Red List Benthic Invertebrate Expert Group (2013), Learn how and when to remove this template message, Helsinki Convention on the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Baltic Sea Area, the last European state to convert to Christianity, List of cities and towns around the Baltic Sea, "Swedish Chemicals Agency (KEMI): The BaltSens Project – The sensitivity of the Baltic Sea ecosystems to hazardous compounds", "The History of Russian Amber, Part 1: The Beginning", Chemical Weapon Time Bomb Ticks in the Baltic Sea, "Sturmfluten in der südlichen Ostsee (Westlicher und mittlerer Teil)", "Sturmfluten an der Ostseeküste – eine vergessene Gefahr? [27] Some marine species, like the Atlantic cod and European flounder, can survive at relatively low salinities but need higher salinities to breed, which therefore occurs in deeper parts of the Baltic Sea.[48][49]. Like the Black Sea, the Baltic Sea is connected to the North Sea by a small canal and the Baltic Sea has H2S- formation in the bottom water in deep basins (4, 16, 17). Lübeck Lübeck is a picturesque city on Germany's north coast. Further east and north the salinity at the bottom is consistently lower, being the lowest in Bothnian Bay (depths greater than 120 m or 390 ft) where it is slightly below 0.4%, or only marginally higher than the surface in the same region. This channel is usually included in the Baltic. Most of the latter are in the Gulfs of Bothnia and Finland. Koningsbrugge, Hans van. Baltiyskoe More ), a sea extending between 54° and 66° N. m., including the whole of the present Baltic area and a large part of Finland, with Lake Ladoga. Some of these relicts are derived from glacial lakes, such as Monoporeia affinis, which is a main element in the benthic fauna of the low-salinity Bothnian Bay. There was much trading not just within the Baltic region but also with the North Sea region, especially eastern England and the Netherlands: their fleets needed the Baltic timber, tar, flax, and hemp. The following general laws may be laid down with regard to this I. "British Merchants and Russian Men-of-War: The Rise of the Russian Baltic Fleet". Countries lands in the outer drainage basin: Belarus,  Czech Republic,  Norway,  Slovakia,  Ukraine. The sea has a surface area of 377,000 square kilometers (146,000 square miles). Navigation is interrupted by drifting ice from about the middle of November to the beginning of May, though the port of HernOsand has been known to remain open during a whole winter. [27] For example, the common starfish and shore crab, two species that are very widespread along European coasts, are both unable to cope with the significantly lower salinity. It is a large port on the Baltic Sea, and has many ferry connections between North Germany and Scandanavia. Freshwater species include pike, roach, perch, and whitefish. [38] The water surplus caused by the continuous inflow of rivers and streams to the Baltic Sea means that there generally is a flow of brackish water out through the Danish Straits to the Kattegat (and eventually the Atlantic). It is connected with the North Sea by the Øresund (the Sound), the Store Baelt, the Lille Baelt, the Kattegat, and the Skagerrak. Much shipbuilding is carried out in the shipyards around the Baltic Sea. They may be divided according to their origin and salinity as follows: - (a) Ocean water of 35 pro male salinity or more. At the bottom of the Arkona Basin (equalling depths greater than 40 m or 130 ft) and Bornholm Basin (depths greater than 80 m or 260 ft) it is typically 1.4–1.8%. 3. An average of 250 nautical miles is saved by using the Kiel Canal instead of going around the Jutland Peninsula. From that time the waters underwent a geologic history summarized under the names listed below. "Structural Change in the Dutch Trade in the Baltic in the Eighteenth Century". In modern languages it is known by the equivalents of "East Sea", "West Sea", or "Baltic Sea" in different languages: At the time of the Roman Empire, the Baltic Sea was known as the Mare Suebicum or Mare Sarmaticum. Edited by Lindsey Hughes, 105–117. long., surrounded by the territories of Sweden, Russia, Germany and Denmark. In the 13th to 16th centuries, the strongest economic force in Northern Europe was the Hanseatic League, a federation of merchant cities around the Baltic Sea and the North Sea. Composed of the Gulf of Bothnia, Bay of Bothnia, Gulf of Finland and Gulf of Riga, the Baltic Sea drains into the Kattegat Sea and is connected by canals to the White Sea and North Sea. Kattegat, (Danish: “Cat’s Throat”) Swedish Kattegatt, strait forming part of the connection between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea.The strait trends north-south between the Jutland (Jylland) peninsula and Sjælland (Zealand) island of Denmark (west and south) and Sweden (east); it connects through the Skagerrak (north) with the North Sea and through The Sound and the … The origin of the latter name is speculative and it was adopted into Slavic and Finnic languages spoken around the sea, very likely due to the role of Medieval Latin in cartography. This not only saves time but also avoids storm-prone seas and having to pass through the Danish straits. The three Danish straits, the Great Belt, the Little Belt and The Sound (Öresund/Øresund), connect the Baltic Sea with the Kattegat and Skagerrak strait in the North Sea. The inflow to the deep basins is intermittent, probably with a long period of flux and reflux. After 1920 Poland was granted access to the Baltic Sea at the expense of Germany by the Polish Corridor and enlarged the port of Gdynia in rivalry with the port of the Free City of Danzig. The Gulf of Finland connects the Baltic Sea with Saint Petersburg. However, the processes that are of major importance are quite well known. These strata are practically stagnant, deficient in oxygen and surcharged with carbonic acid. This is an actual image from Grenen, in Skagen, Denmark where the Baltic and North Seas meet. Quite violent, sudden storms sweep the surface ten or more times a year, due to large transient temperature differences and a long reach of the wind. Little is known of their extent. Environmental experts and marine biologists warn that these ammunition dumps pose a major environmental threat with potentially life-threatening consequences to the health and safety of humans on the coastlines of these seas.[72]. The Kiel Canal is a 98-kilometre-long freshwater canal in the German state of Schleswig-Holstein. Plans to artificially oxygenate areas of the Baltic that have experienced eutrophication have been proposed by the University of Gothenburg and Inocean AB. The more rounded southern basin of the gulf is called Bothnian Sea and immediately to the south of it lies the Sea of Åland. Since the Viking Age, the Scandinavians have referred to the Baltic Sea as Austmarr ("Eastern Lake"). This creates a vertical stratification of the water column, a halocline, that represents a barrier to the exchange of oxygen and nutrients, and fosters completely separate maritime environments. 2. Instead of a true sea, the Baltic can even today also be understood as the common estuary of all rivers flowing into it. Warner, Richard. Another usual border is the line between Falsterbo, Sweden, and Stevns Klint, Denmark, as this is the southern border of Øresund. After 1945, the German population was expelled from all areas east of the Oder-Neisse line, making room for new Polish and Russian settlement. A marginal sea of the Atlantic, with limited water exchange between the two water bodies, the Baltic Sea drains through the Danish Straits into the Kattegat by way of the Øresund, Great Belt and Little Belt. Baltic is of peculiar interest. The Baltic Sea is an arm of the Atlantic Ocean, enclosed by Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Sweden, northeast Germany, Poland, Russia and the North and Central European Plain. Entry for 'Baltic Sea'. However, floating ice was additionally observed near Świnoujście harbor in January 2010. In the north, above the Aland Islands, the Baltic Sea is referred to as the Gulf of Bothnia. Approximately 100,000 km2 (38,610 sq mi) of the Baltic's seafloor (a quarter of its total area) is a variable dead zone. The thickness decreases farther south. Besides its two sea entrances, the Kiel Canal … Ymer (Stockholm, 1899), Publications of the International Council for the Study of the Sea (Copenhagen, since 1902). Drift ice was also observed on 11 May 1799.[33][34][35]. In the deep of these basins the temperature variations are smaller. The Helsinki Convention on the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Baltic Sea Area includes the Baltic Sea and the Kattegat, without calling Kattegat a part of the Baltic Sea, "For the purposes of this Convention the 'Baltic Sea Area' shall be the Baltic Sea and the Entrance to the Baltic Sea, bounded by the parallel of the Skaw in the Skagerrak at 57°44.43'N. In t… The White Sea–Baltic Canal (Russian: Беломо́рско-Балти́йский кана́л, Byelomorsko-Baltiyskiy kanal, BBK), often abbreviated to White Sea Canal (Belomorkanal) is a ship canal in Russia opened on Wednesday 2 August 1933. Construction of the Great Belt Bridge in Denmark (completed 1997) and the Øresund Bridge-Tunnel (completed 1999), linking Denmark with Sweden, provided a highway and railroad connection between Sweden and the Danish mainland (the Jutland Peninsula, precisely the Zealand). In severe winters ice can form around southern Sweden and even in the Danish straits. World War I was partly fought in the Baltic Sea. The Soviet Union gained another access to the Baltic with the Kaliningrad Oblast, that had been part of German-settled East Prussia. The aim of the present paper is to review current knowledge about the water exchange. Along the Swedish coast a deep channel runs northward from outside the island of Oland; this is entirely cut off to the south and east by a bank which sweeps eastward and northward from near Karlskrona, and on which the island of Gotland stands, but it communicates at its northern end with the Gotland deep, and near the junction opposite Landsort is the deepest hole in the Baltic (420 metres = 2 3 o fathoms). In the next stage of its history the Baltic is transformed by further elevation into a vast freshwater lake, the Ancylus lake of G. de Geer (named from the remains of the mollusc Ancylus fluviatilis ), which is supposed to have covered an area of about 220,000 sq. In addition to fish the sea also provides amber, especially from its southern shores within today's borders of Poland, Russia and Lithuania. The Gulf of Finland and the Gulf of Riga freeze typically in late January. Poland gained most of the southern shore. During winter, fast ice, which is attached to the shoreline, develops first, rendering ports unusable without the services of icebreakers. The rating of mean discharges differs from the ranking of hydrological lengths (from the most distant source to the sea) and the rating of the nominal lengths. The Skagerrak, an eastward extension of the North Sea between Norway and Denmark, connects the North and Baltic seas via the Kattegat and the Danish straits. In 1945, the Baltic Sea became a mass grave for retreating soldiers and refugees on torpedoed troop transports. Later, the Norse fought for control of the Baltic against Wendish tribes dwelling on the southern shore. Levellings from Swinemunde show that the mean level of the surface of the Baltic at that point is 0.093 metres (_, 305 ft.) below. The Baltic Proper is bordered on its northern edge, at the latitude 60°N, by the Åland Islands and the Gulf of Bothnia, on its northeastern edge by the Gulf of Finland, on its eastern edge by the Gulf of Riga, and in the west by the Swedish part of the southern Scandinavian Peninsula. This is a reduction from the 25 incidents representing 1,110 kg (2,450 lb) of material in 2003. From 1880 to 1980 inflows occurred on average six to seven times per decade. The ratification instruments were deposited by the European Community, Germany, Latvia and Sweden in 1994, by Estonia and Finland in 1995, by Denmark in 1996, by Lithuania in 1997, and by Poland and Russia in November 1999. On the long-term average, the Baltic Sea is ice-covered at the annual maximum for about 45% of its surface area. That it must be a periodic stream, because the discharge of the rivers into the Baltic varies with the season of the year. The bank-water of 32 to 34 pro male salinity is found all along the continental coast of the North Sea and North Atlantic, and it may therefore enter the Skagerrak either from the North Sea or from the north along the coast of Norway. 1910. It is connected with the North Sea by the Kattegat and Skagerrak. Russia's Peter the Great saw the strategic importance of the Baltic and decided to found his new capital, Saint Petersburg, at the mouth of the Neva river at the east end of the Gulf of Finland. Baltia also might be derived from belt and mean "near belt of sea, strait". Thomson, Erik. The land is still emerging isostatically from its depressed state, which was caused by the weight of ice during the last glaciation. About 85 million people live in the Baltic drainage basin, 15 million within 10 km (6 mi) of the coast and 29 million within 50 km (31 mi) of the coast. 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